字典
dictht 是一个散列表结构,使用拉链法解决哈希冲突。
/* This is our hash table structure. Every dictionary has two of this as we* implement incremental rehashing, for the old to the new table. */typedef struct dictht {dictEntry **table;unsigned long size;unsigned long sizemask;unsigned long used;} dictht;
typedef struct dictEntry {void *key;union {void *val;uint64_t u64;int64_t s64;double d;} v;struct dictEntry *next;} dictEntry;
Redis 的字典 dict 中包含两个哈希表 dictht,这是为了方便进行 rehash 操作。在扩容时,将其中一个 dictht 上的键值对 rehash 到另一个 dictht 上面,完成之后释放空间并交换两个 dictht 的角色。
typedef struct dict {dictType *type;void *privdata;dictht ht[2];long rehashidx; /* rehashing not in progress if rehashidx == -1 */unsigned long iterators; /* number of iterators currently running */} dict;
rehash 操作不是一次性完成,而是采用渐进方式,这是为了避免一次性执行过多的 rehash 操作给服务器带来过大的负担。
渐进式 rehash 通过记录 dict 的 rehashidx 完成,它从 0 开始,然后每执行一次 rehash 都会递增。例如在一次 rehash 中,要把 dict[0] rehash 到 dict[1],这一次会把 dict[0] 上 table[rehashidx] 的键值对 rehash 到 dict[1] 上,dict[0] 的 table[rehashidx] 指向 null,并令 rehashidx++。
在 rehash 期间,每次对字典执行添加、删除、查找或者更新操作时,都会执行一次渐进式 rehash。
采用渐进式 rehash 会导致字典中的数据分散在两个 dictht 上,因此对字典的查找操作也需要到对应的 dictht 去执行。
/* Performs N steps of incremental rehashing. Returns 1 if there are still* keys to move from the old to the new hash table, otherwise 0 is returned.** Note that a rehashing step consists in moving a bucket (that may have more* than one key as we use chaining) from the old to the new hash table, however* since part of the hash table may be composed of empty spaces, it is not* guaranteed that this function will rehash even a single bucket, since it* will visit at max N*10 empty buckets in total, otherwise the amount of* work it does would be unbound and the function may block for a long time. */int dictRehash(dict *d, int n) {int empty_visits = n * 10; /* Max number of empty buckets to visit. */if (!dictIsRehashing(d)) return 0;while (n-- && d->ht[0].used != 0) {dictEntry *de, *nextde;/* Note that rehashidx can't overflow as we are sure there are more* elements because ht[0].used != 0 */assert(d->ht[0].size > (unsigned long) d->rehashidx);while (d->ht[0].table[d->rehashidx] == NULL) {d->rehashidx++;if (--empty_visits == 0) return 1;}de = d->ht[0].table[d->rehashidx];/* Move all the keys in this bucket from the old to the new hash HT */while (de) {uint64_t h;nextde = de->next;/* Get the index in the new hash table */h = dictHashKey(d, de->key) & d->ht[1].sizemask;de->next = d->ht[1].table[h];d->ht[1].table[h] = de;d->ht[0].used--;d->ht[1].used++;de = nextde;}d->ht[0].table[d->rehashidx] = NULL;d->rehashidx++;}/* Check if we already rehashed the whole table... */if (d->ht[0].used == 0) {zfree(d->ht[0].table);d->ht[0] = d->ht[1];_dictReset(&d->ht[1]);d->rehashidx = -1;return 0;}/* More to rehash... */return 1;}
跳跃表
是有序集合的底层实现之一。
跳跃表是基于多指针有序链表实现的,可以看成多个有序链表。

在查找时,从上层指针开始查找,找到对应的区间之后再到下一层去查找。下图演示了查找 22 的过程。

与红黑树等平衡树相比,跳跃表具有以下优点:
- 插入速度非常快速,因为不需要进行旋转等操作来维护平衡性;
- 更容易实现;
- 支持无锁操作。
